feat(caldav): app-specific passwords so MFA accounts can use CalDAV

CalDAV clients send only user+password over Basic Auth and can't provide a TOTP
code, so account passwords would bypass 2FA. Add revocable app passwords:

- models: AppPassword table (bcrypt hash, label, last_used); auto-created via
  create_all
- profile_router: GET/POST/DELETE /profile/app-passwords (plaintext shown once)
- dav_router: Basic Auth accepts any app password; the account password is
  accepted only when 2FA is disabled
- frontend: "App-Passwörter (CalDAV)" section in the profile modal (create/show-
  once/copy/revoke) + i18n (de/en); login hint now says app password

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

backend/routers/dav_router.py

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import base64
 import uuid
 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from urllib.parse import quote, unquote
 from xml.sax.saxutils import escape as xml_escape
 
@@ -70,7 +71,12 @@ def _resolve(token: str, db: Session) -> models.LocalCalendar | None:
 
 
 def _basic_auth_user(request: Request, db: Session) -> models.User | None:
-    """Validate an HTTP Basic Authorization header against a Calendarr account."""
+    """Validate an HTTP Basic Authorization header against a Calendarr account.
+
+    Accepts an app-specific password (always) or the account password (only when
+    MFA is off — otherwise the account password would bypass 2FA, which CalDAV
+    clients can't satisfy).
+    """
     hdr = request.headers.get("Authorization", "")
     if not hdr.lower().startswith("basic "):
         return None
@@ -84,12 +90,25 @@ def _basic_auth_user(request: Request, db: Session) -> models.User | None:
     user = db.query(models.User).filter(models.User.username == username).first()
     if not user:
         return None
-    try:
-        if not verify_password(password, user.password_hash):
+
+    # 1) App-specific passwords — always allowed, MFA-safe.
+    for ap in db.query(models.AppPassword).filter(models.AppPassword.user_id == user.id).all():
+        try:
+            if verify_password(password, ap.password_hash):
+                ap.last_used_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+                db.commit()
+                return user
+        except Exception:
+            continue
+
+    # 2) Account password — only when 2FA is disabled.
+    if not user.totp_enabled:
+        try:
+            if verify_password(password, user.password_hash):
+                return user
+        except Exception:
             return None
-    except Exception:
-        return None
-    return user
+    return None
 
 
 def _unauthorized() -> Response:

backend/routers/profile_router.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import io
 import re
 import base64
+import secrets
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Optional
 
@@ -264,3 +266,74 @@ def disable_totp(
     current_user.totp_enabled = False
     db.commit()
     return {"ok": True}
+
+
+# ── App passwords (for CalDAV Basic Auth) ────────────────
+class AppPasswordCreate(BaseModel):
+    label: str = Field(default="CalDAV", max_length=100)
+
+
+def _app_pw_dict(ap: models.AppPassword) -> dict:
+    return {
+        "id": ap.id,
+        "label": ap.label,
+        "created_at": ap.created_at,
+        "last_used_at": ap.last_used_at,
+    }
+
+
+@router.get("/app-passwords")
+def list_app_passwords(
+    db: Session = Depends(get_db),
+    current_user: models.User = Depends(get_current_user),
+):
+    rows = (
+        db.query(models.AppPassword)
+        .filter(models.AppPassword.user_id == current_user.id)
+        .order_by(models.AppPassword.id.desc())
+        .all()
+    )
+    return [_app_pw_dict(r) for r in rows]
+
+
+@router.post("/app-passwords")
+def create_app_password(
+    data: AppPasswordCreate,
+    db: Session = Depends(get_db),
+    current_user: models.User = Depends(get_current_user),
+):
+    # Show the plaintext exactly once; only the hash is stored.
+    password = secrets.token_urlsafe(18)
+    ap = models.AppPassword(
+        user_id=current_user.id,
+        label=(data.label or "CalDAV")[:100],
+        password_hash=get_password_hash(password),
+        created_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
+    )
+    db.add(ap)
+    db.commit()
+    db.refresh(ap)
+    out = _app_pw_dict(ap)
+    out["password"] = password
+    return out
+
+
+@router.delete("/app-passwords/{ap_id}")
+def delete_app_password(
+    ap_id: int,
+    db: Session = Depends(get_db),
+    current_user: models.User = Depends(get_current_user),
+):
+    ap = (
+        db.query(models.AppPassword)
+        .filter(
+            models.AppPassword.id == ap_id,
+            models.AppPassword.user_id == current_user.id,
+        )
+        .first()
+    )
+    if not ap:
+        raise HTTPException(404, "App password not found")
+    db.delete(ap)
+    db.commit()
+    return {"ok": True}